An asymmetrical analysis to explore the dynamic impacts of CO2 emission to renewable energy, expenditures, foreign direct investment, and trade in Pakistan

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dc.authoridIsik, Cem/0000-0001-5125-7648
dc.authoridRehman, Abdul/0000-0001-7809-5124
dc.authoridAhmad, Munir/0000-0002-4376-8410
dc.contributor.authorRehman, Abdul
dc.contributor.authorMa, Hengyun
dc.contributor.authorAhmad, Munir
dc.contributor.authorOzturk, Ilhan
dc.contributor.authorIsik, Cem
dc.date.accessioned2025-03-07T20:19:28Z
dc.date.available2025-03-07T20:19:28Z
dc.date.issued2021
dc.departmentÇağ Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractCarbon dioxide emission and GHGs are associated with fossil fuels which have adverse effects on the environment. The key intention of this paper was to determine the asymmetric effect of CO2 emission on expenditures, trade, FDI, and renewable energy consumption in Pakistan. An asymmetrical technique (nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag) was employed to validate the constructive and adverse relation among variables. Furthermore, the Granger causality test was also used to verify the unidirectional association amid variables. Study outcomes revealed that the adverse shocks of renewable energy consumption exposed expressively to upsurge CO2 emission in the short-run dynamics. Conversely, constructive shocks of renewable energy consumption display an adversative association with CO2 emission. Furthermore, the decreasing trend in foreign direct investment tends to impede the detrimental effects of CO2 emission. Additionally, the variable expenditures also create the non-eco-friendly impacts and manifest the positive linkage through CO2 emission. Trade possesses statistically insignificant linkage with environmental degradation. The results also disclose that positive as well as negative variations in the foreign direct investment expose to degrade the environmental eminence. Long-run results suggest the direct association between downward trend in renewable energy consumption and CO2 emission signifying that the pollution level decreases, and the upward trend in renewable energy consumption, however, demonstrates insignificantly positive effects. The results also disclose that positive as well as negative variations in the FDI lead to degrade the CO2 emission. Moreover, it is found that the expenditures soar the issue of pollution again in the long run. Finally, the consequence of trade on CO2 emission is adverse, as the outcome suggests. In order to improve the environmental policies for sustainable growth, the study provides direction toward a sustainable environment by reducing carbon dioxide emission.
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/s11356-021-14537-7
dc.identifier.endpage53532
dc.identifier.issn0944-1344
dc.identifier.issn1614-7499
dc.identifier.issue38
dc.identifier.pmid34031838
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85106425518
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.startpage53520
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14537-7
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12507/3205
dc.identifier.volume28
dc.identifier.wosWOS:000653624300004
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ2
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherSpringer Heidelberg
dc.relation.ispartofEnvironmental Science and Pollution Research
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzKA_WoS_20241226
dc.subjectCO2 emission
dc.subjectForeign direct investment
dc.subjectTrade
dc.subjectRenewable energy
dc.subjectExpenditures
dc.titleAn asymmetrical analysis to explore the dynamic impacts of CO2 emission to renewable energy, expenditures, foreign direct investment, and trade in Pakistan
dc.typeArticle

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