Investigating the nexus between CO2 emissions, economic growth, energy consumption and pilgrimage tourism in Saudi Arabia

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dc.contributor.authorOzturk, Ilhan
dc.contributor.authorAslan, Alper
dc.contributor.authorAltinoz, Buket
dc.date.accessioned2025-03-07T20:19:27Z
dc.date.available2025-03-07T20:19:27Z
dc.date.issued2022
dc.departmentÇağ Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractEvery year millions of Muslims go to Saudi Arabia to fulfil pilgrimage worship, thus Saudi Arabia is such a religious centre brings with it various consequences. In this context, this paper investigates the nexus between CO2 emissions, economic growth, energy consumption and pilgrimage tourism in Saudi Arabia for the period of 1968-2017. The dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) and fully-modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) methods are employed in this study. FMOLS results prove that energy consumption, number of pilgrims and oil prices have a positive effect on CO2 emissions and GDP has a negative effect on it, while DOLS results imply that only energy consumption has a positive effect on carbon emissions. In addition, there is unidirectional causality from CO2 to pilgrimage tourism and from pilgrimage tourism to oil, and there is bidirectional causality between pilgrimage tourism and GDP. Therefore, the environmental cost of pilgrimage tourism is inevitable. Reflections of pilgrimage visits to Saudi Arabia as a belief tourism are dealt with for the first time in this paper. In addition, our more specific purpose is to determine the environmental impacts of Muslims performing the pilgrimage, during their religious worship.
dc.identifier.doi10.1080/1331677X.2021.1985577
dc.identifier.endpage3098
dc.identifier.issn1331-677X
dc.identifier.issn1848-9664
dc.identifier.issue1
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85116502580
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.startpage3083
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2021.1985577
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12507/3194
dc.identifier.volume35
dc.identifier.wosWOS:000704244500001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ2
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherRoutledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd
dc.relation.ispartofEconomic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.snmzKA_WoS_20241226
dc.subjectCO2
dc.subjectpilgrimage tourism
dc.subjectenergy consumption
dc.subjectSaudi Arabia
dc.titleInvestigating the nexus between CO2 emissions, economic growth, energy consumption and pilgrimage tourism in Saudi Arabia
dc.typeArticle

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