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    Observations on the Causes and Effects of Lisbon Earthquake
    (Beytulhikme Felsefe Cevresi, 2022) Kant, Immanuel; Topuz, Metin; Tuemkaya, Ahmet Selim
    The earthquake that took place in Lisbon on November 1, 1755, at-tracted the philosophical interest of many thinkers such as Voltaire, Rousseau and Kant, both in the context of the physical cause of the earthquake and the problem of physical/moral evil (theodicy). Kant, who always keeps the cause of moral and physical evil at the center of his philosophy, presents an examination of the physical causes of the earthquake, which is considered a physical evil in his early writing. He touches superficially on the spiritual influence of evil on humans and its relation to divine grace. But the idea that such discussions should be examined within the limits of reason and experiment, maintains its vitality in this period of Kant. In the second of three articles, Kant this time conveys the information and observations he gathered from many sources. Its purpose is to examine the possible causal connection of physical evil with divine creation in the context of the limits of reason. In the last of his three articles on the Lisbon earthquake, Kant deals with the arguments made after his second article for the possible causes of the earthquake.
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    Poem on the Lisbon Disaster
    (2019) Tümkaya, Ahmet Selim; Topuz, Metin
    The poem called Poéme sur le désastre de Lisbonne, written by Voltaire in 1755 and published in 1756 deals with the Lisbon earthquake that took place in 1755. This earthquake had a profound impact on the European thinkers of that age. Voltaire, Rousseau, Kant and important theologians of that age have put forward ideas about the possible causes of the earthquake. Philosophers such as Voltaire –and Kant– opposed this idea in the face of the theologians who saw the earthquake as a righteous punishment for the sins of mankind. Voltaire criticizes the understanding of theodicy in this poem written right after the earthquake. However, Voltaire fires his arrows of criticism, especially to Leibniz and Pope’s theological-optimistic viewpoints. In this context, he criticizes the idea of ‘All is well’ or ‘everything that is connected with goodness in God’s great plan’
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    Poem on the Lisbon Disaster
    (Beytulhıkme Felsefe Çevresı, 2019) Topuz, Metin; Tumkaya, Ahmet Selim
    The poem called Poeme sur le desastre de Lisbonne, written by Voltaire in 1755 and published in 1756 deals with the Lisbon earthquake that took place in 1755. This earthquake had a profound impact on the European thinkers of that age. Voltaire, Rousseau, Kant and important theologians of that age have put forward ideas about the possible causes of the earthquake. Philosophers such as Voltaire -and Kant- opposed this idea in the face of the theologians who saw the earthquake as a righteous punishment for the sins of mankind. Voltaire criticizes the understanding of theodicy in this poem written right after the earthquake. However, Voltaire fires his arrows of criticism, especially to Leibniz and Pope's theological-optimistic viewpoints. In this context, he criticizes the idea of 'All is well' or 'everything that is connected with goodness in God's great plan'.
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    Rousseau's Letter to Voltaire on Providence
    (Beytulhikme Felsefe Cevresi, 2021) Topuz, Metin; Tumkaya, Ahmet Selim
    The highly destructive earthquake that took place in Lisbon in 1755 prompted the thinkers of the age to think about this issue, especially in the context of theodicy. In this discussion, there are two sides, although it is not separated from each other with clear lines. The first is the line that defends the Providence drawn by Augustinus and later Leibniz in the context of theodicy. Alexander Pope follows this line in his Essay On Man poem. Voltaire, who is on the opposite line, criticizes and partially ridicules Leibniz's and Pope's all is well idea with her poeme sur le desastre de Lisbonne. Immediately after the publication of Voltaire's poem, Rousseau writes a letter attacking the thoughts expressed in the poem against Providence and delivers it to Voltaire through a mutual friend. This letter, which we translated, conveys Rousseau's attitude towards Voltaire on the one hand, but on the other hand, takes on a philosophical quality with her critical attitude that deals with the claims in the poem one by one. In this sense, it can be read as a philosophical defense of Providence made by Rousseau.