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Öğe Biofuel energy consumption-economic growth relationship: an empirical investigation of Brazil(WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2016) Al-Mulali, Usama; Solarin, Sakiru Adebola; Öztürk, İlhanThis study investigates the influence of biofuel energy consumption on Brazil's economic growth during the period 1980-2012 by employing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach and the vector error correction model (VECM) Granger causality. The results revealed two structural breaks during the early 1980s due to the Latin American debt crisis as well as the early 2000s due to the worries related to the increasing global spreads. Moreover, it was found that economic growth, biofuel energy consumption, capital, urbanization, and globalization are co-integrated. Additionally, it was found that biofuel energy consumption, capital, urbanization, and globalization increase Brazil's economic growth in the short run and in the long run. However, the two structural breaks have a significant negative influence on economic growth. The vector error correction model Granger causality revealed a feedback causal relationship between all the variables (with the exception of capital). However, a unidirectional causality was concluded from capital to economic growth, biofuel energy consumption, urbanization, and globalization. From the results of this study, a number of policy implications were provided.Öğe Determinants of pollution and the role of the military sector: evidence from a maximum likelihood approach with two structural breaks in the USA(SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, 2018) Solarin, Sakiru Adebola; Al-mulali, Usama; Öztürk, İlhanWe investigate the role of military expenditure on emission in USA during the period 1960-2015. To achieve the objectives of this study, two measures of military expenditure are utilised, while several timeseries models are constructed with the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, population, energy consumption per capita, non-renewable energy consumption per capita, renewable energy consumption per capita, urbanisation, trade openness and financial development serving as additional determinants of air pollution. We also use ecological indicator as an alternative measure of pollution. Moreover, different timeseries methods are utilised including a likelihood-based approach with two structural breaks. The output of this research concluded that all the variables are cointegrated. It is found that military expenditure has mixed impact on CO2 emissions. Real GDP per capita, energy consumption per capita, non-renewable energy consumption per capita, population and urbanisation increase CO2 emissions per capita in the long-run, while renewable energy consumption, financial development and trade openness reduce it. There is also evidence for the mixed role of military expenditure, when ecological footprint is utilised as the environmental degradation index. From the output of this research, few policy recommendations are offered for the examined country.Öğe Does moving towards renewable energy cause water and land inefficiency? An empirical investigation (vol 93, pg 303, 2016)(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2017) Al-mulali, Usama; Solarin, Sakiru Adebola; Sheau-Ting, Low; Ozturk, Ilhan[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Does moving towards renewable energy causes water and land inefficiency? An empirical investigation(ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2016) Al-mulali, Usama; Solarin, Sakiru Adebola; Sheau-Ting, Low; Öztürk, İlhanThis study investigates the effect of renewable energy production on water and land footprint in 58 developed and developing countries for the period of 1980-2009. Utilizing the ecological footprint as an indicator, the fixed effects, difference and system generalized method of moment (GMM) approaches were employed and eight different models were constructed to achieve robustness in the empirical outcomes. Despite the use of different methods and models, the outcome was the same whereby GDP growth, urbanization, and trade openness increase the water and land footprint. Moreover, renewable energy production increases the water and land inefficiency because of its positive effect on ecological footprint. Additionally, based on the square of GDP it is concluded that the EKC hypothesis does not exist while the square of renewable energy production indicates that renewable energy production will continue to increase water and land footprint in the future. From the outcome of this study, a number of recommendations were provided to the investigated countries.Öğe Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis and the role of globalization in selected African countries(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2016) Shahbaz, Muhammad; Solarin, Sakiru Adebola; Öztürk, İlhanThe present study incorporates globalization and energy intensity into the CO2 emissions function and investigates the presence of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) in 19 African countries for the time period of 1971-2012. We have applied the ARDL bounds testing approach for cointegration to examine the long run relationship in the variables. Our results confirmed the presence of cointegration between the series in Africa, Algeria, Angola, Cameroon, Congo Republic, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The results indicated the positive effect of energy intensity on CO2 emissions in Africa, Algeria, Angola, Cameroon, Congo Republic, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan, Togo, and Tunisia while energy intensity declines CO2 emissions in the case of Zambia and Zimbabwe. Globalization decreases CO2 emissions in Africa, Angola, Cameroon, Congo Republic, Egypt, Kenya, Libya, Tunisia and Zambia but increases CO2 emissions in Ghana, Morocco, South Africa, Sudan and Tanzania. The EKC exists in Africa, Algeria, Cameroon, Congo Republic, Morocco, Tunisia and Zambia but U-shaped relationship is found between economic growth and CO2 emissions in Sudan and Tanzania.Öğe Examining the asymmetric effects of stock markets on Malaysia’s air pollution: a nonlinear ARDL approach(2019) Öztürk, İlhan; Al-mulali, Usama; Solarin, Sakiru AdebolaThe objective of this research is to examine the effects of stock market on air pollution in Malaysia during the period 1980–2017. To realize this aim, a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model is constructed. The short results in general revealed that the increase in stock markets will increase CO2 emissions and its significance increases in the long run. Moreover, the decline in stock market will reduce Malaysia’s CO2 emissions but only in the long run. From the outcomes obtained, a number of policy recommendations were provided for the investigated country.Öğe Investigating the asymmetry effects of crude oil price on renewable energy consumption in the United States(Springer Heidelberg, 2022) Sahu, Pritish Kumar; Solarin, Sakiru Adebola; Al-mulali, Usama; Ozturk, IlhanThe reduction in oil prices might make crude oil a cheaper alternative to renewable energy (RE). Given this, the present paper examines the effect of fluctuation of oil prices on the use of RE in the United States (US) during the period 1970 to 2018. We constructed two nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) models to examine the effect of the positive and negative oil price shocks on the use of RE in the US. The RE consumption is taken as the dependent variable and the gross domestic product (GDP), Brent crude prices, population density, trade openness, and price index as independent variables. The result revealed that the rise in crude oil price, GDP, and population density will increase RE use in the short run and in the long run as well. Moreover, the study finds that any decrease in oil prices will decrease RE use in the short run and its effect will eventually diminish in the long run. On the policy front, it is suggested that US should raise its energy security by reducing its dependency on imported crude oil and increase the role of RE through the imposition of taxes on oil and increase the base of production and consumption through a series of measures.Öğe İnvestigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in seven regions: The role of renewable energy(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2016) Al-Mulali, Usama; Öztürk, İlhan; Solarin, Sakiru AdebolaThe aim of this research is to investigate how renewable energy consumption effects pollution and whether the relationship between income and pollution formulates the inverted U-shaped relationship which signals the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). To realize the aims of this study, non-stationary panel data techniques were utilized to examine the seven selected regions. According to Pedroni and Fisher type cointegration tests, the variables were cointegrated. Moreover, the dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) and the vector error correction model Granger causality revealed that renewable energy consumption has a significant negative effect on pollution in Central and Eastern Europe, Western Europe, East Asia and the Pacific, South Asia, and the Americas. However, the tests revealed that renewable energy consumption has no significant effect on pollution in the Middle East and North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, the results in general indicated that the existence of the EKC hypothesis is determined by the significance of the renewable energy consumption. Therefore, the EKC hypothesis was only found in the regions where their renewable energy has a significant correlation with pollution in both the short run and the long run. Furthermore, a number of policy recommendations were provided for the investigated regions.Öğe Investigating the pollution haven hypothesis in Ghana: An empirical investigation(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2017) Solarin, Sakiru Adebola; Al-Mulali, Usama; Musah, Ibrahim; Öztürk, İlhanThe aim of this research is to investigate the pollution haven hypothesis (PHH) in Ghana utilizing CO2 emission as an indicator of air pollution for the period of 1980-2012. Moreover, we utilized gross domestic product (GDP), GDP square, energy consumption, renewable energy consumption, fossil fuel energy consumption, foreign direct investment, institutional quality, urbanization and trade openness as its main determinants. To achieve the goals of this research, different time series models were established utilizing the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method. In addition to the fact that structural breaks are introduced into the estimation process, we contribute to the existing literature by focussing on a country that typifies the current scenario of increasing emission and foreign direct investment in the developing countries. The outcome of this research revealed cointegration which indicates the existence of long run relationship between the variables. Moreover, GDP, foreign direct investment, urban population, financial development and international trade have positive impact on CO2 emission, while institutional quality decreases emissions in Ghana. This indicates that PHH does exist in Ghana. A number of policy recommendations were provided for Ghana according to the results obtained.Öğe Investigating the presence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in Kenya: an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach(SPRINGER, 2016) Al-Mulali, Usama; Solarin, Sakiru Adebola; Öztürk, İlhanThis study investigates the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in Kenya using the time period of 1980-2012. To achieve the objective of this study, the ARDL approach was utilized. To prevent any estimation errors and unreliability in the model, the Narayan and Narayan (Energy Policy 38:661-666, 2010) approach was used to control the multicollinearity problems in the regression. The outcome of this research revealed that fossil fuel energy consumption, GDP, urbanization, and trade openness increase air pollution mutually in the long run and short run. However, renewable energy consumption mitigates air pollution in the long run and the short run. Moreover, financial development also reduces air pollution, but only in the long run. Based on the results, the EKC hypothesis does exist in Kenya. From the findings of this research, few policy recommendations were provided to help Kenya for reducing its air pollution levels.Öğe The control of corruption and energy efficiency relationship: an empirical note(SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, 2019) Öztürk, İlhan; Al-Mulali, Usama; Solarin, Sakiru AdebolaThis study aims at exploring the impact of corruption control on energy efficiency in 60 countries categorized by income: lower middle (LMI), upper middle (UMI), and high (HI). Panel methodology was utilized taking the period of 2000-2017. As cross-sectional dependence is confirmed among the tested equations, the Pesaran (J Appl Econ 22(2):265-312, 2007) unit root test and the augmented mean group estimator proposed by Eberhardt and Teal (2010) were utilized to overcome this matter. The results in general indicate that the lower the corruption is, the more the energy efficiency for all income group economies. Moreover, renewable energy reduces energy efficiency in lower-middle income and high-income economies while its effect is positive in middle-income economies. In addition, the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) found to be present in all income group economies. Lastly, causality relationships among energy efficiency, corruption, and GDP were present mostly in upper-middle income and high-income economies. From the results, it was recommended that the countries from all income groups should increase their corruption control for the purpose of enhancing energy efficiency.Öğe The relationship between natural gas consumption and economic growth in OPEC members(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2016) Solarin, Sakiru Adebola; Öztürk, İlhanThe purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between natural gas consumption and economic growth in 12 OPEC member countries for the period of 1980-2012. The paper adopts the panel Granger causality test of Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) [21] to assess the causal relationship between natural gas consumption and economic growth. The findings show the evidence of feedback relation between natural gas consumption and economic growth in OPEC members as a panel. However, diverse results are obtained when the member countries are individually examined. The results provide evidence for growth hypothesis in Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria and Saudi Arabia, but conservation hypothesis in Algeria, Iran, United Arab Emirates and Venezuela. Further evidence suggests the existence of neutrality hypothesis in Angola and Qatar; and feedback hypothesis in EcuadorÖğe Validating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in India and China: The role of hydroelectricity consumption(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2017) Solarin, Sakiru Adebola; Al-Mulali, Usama; Öztürk, İlhanThe aim of this research is to examine the link between CO2 emissions, hydroelectricity consumption, urbanisation and real GDP in China and India during the period of 1965-2013. The long-run cointegration is investigated by the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach, which is augmented with structural breaks. We employ the ARDL cointegration test to establish long run relationship in the variables. Furthermore, we use the ARDL to show that real GDP and urbanisation have long-run positive impact on emission, while hydroelectricity consumption exerts long-run negative impact on emission in both countries. The results support the existence of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in China and India. Besides, the paper assesses the causal link between the variables by using Granger causality procedures and the results show that there is long-run bidirectional relationship between the variables in both countries.
