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    Does moving towards renewable energy cause water and land inefficiency? An empirical investigation (vol 93, pg 303, 2016)
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2017) Al-mulali, Usama; Solarin, Sakiru Adebola; Sheau-Ting, Low; Ozturk, Ilhan
    [Abstract Not Available]
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    Does moving towards renewable energy causes water and land inefficiency? An empirical investigation
    (ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2016) Al-mulali, Usama; Solarin, Sakiru Adebola; Sheau-Ting, Low; Öztürk, İlhan
    This study investigates the effect of renewable energy production on water and land footprint in 58 developed and developing countries for the period of 1980-2009. Utilizing the ecological footprint as an indicator, the fixed effects, difference and system generalized method of moment (GMM) approaches were employed and eight different models were constructed to achieve robustness in the empirical outcomes. Despite the use of different methods and models, the outcome was the same whereby GDP growth, urbanization, and trade openness increase the water and land footprint. Moreover, renewable energy production increases the water and land inefficiency because of its positive effect on ecological footprint. Additionally, based on the square of GDP it is concluded that the EKC hypothesis does not exist while the square of renewable energy production indicates that renewable energy production will continue to increase water and land footprint in the future. From the outcome of this study, a number of recommendations were provided to the investigated countries.
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    The global move toward Internet shopping and its influence on pollution: an empirical analysis
    (Sprınger Heıdelberg, 2015) Al-Mulali, Usama; Sheau-Ting, Low; Öztürk, İlhan
    This study investigates the influence of Internet retailing on carbon dioxide (CO2) emission in 77 countries categorized into developed and developing countries during the period of 2000-2013. To realize the aims of the study, a model that represents pollution is established utilizing the panel two-stage least square (TSLS) and the generalized method of moments (GMM). The results for both regressions similarly indicated that GDP growth, electricity consumption, urbanization, and trade openness are the main factors that increase CO2 emission in the investigated countries. Although the results show that Internet retailing reduces CO2 emission in general, a disaggregation occurs between developed and developing countries whereby Internet retailing has a significant negative effect on CO2 emission in the developed countries while it has no significant impact on CO2 emission in the developing countries. From the outcome of this study, a number of policy implications are provided for the investigated countries.