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Öğe A Historical Perspective on Environmental Kuznets Curve(Academic Press Ltd-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2019) Ozcan, Burcu; Ozturk, Ilhan[Abstract Not Available]Öğe An asymmetrical analysis to explore the dynamic impacts of CO2 emission to renewable energy, expenditures, foreign direct investment, and trade in Pakistan(Springer Heidelberg, 2021) Rehman, Abdul; Ma, Hengyun; Ahmad, Munir; Ozturk, Ilhan; Isik, CemCarbon dioxide emission and GHGs are associated with fossil fuels which have adverse effects on the environment. The key intention of this paper was to determine the asymmetric effect of CO2 emission on expenditures, trade, FDI, and renewable energy consumption in Pakistan. An asymmetrical technique (nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag) was employed to validate the constructive and adverse relation among variables. Furthermore, the Granger causality test was also used to verify the unidirectional association amid variables. Study outcomes revealed that the adverse shocks of renewable energy consumption exposed expressively to upsurge CO2 emission in the short-run dynamics. Conversely, constructive shocks of renewable energy consumption display an adversative association with CO2 emission. Furthermore, the decreasing trend in foreign direct investment tends to impede the detrimental effects of CO2 emission. Additionally, the variable expenditures also create the non-eco-friendly impacts and manifest the positive linkage through CO2 emission. Trade possesses statistically insignificant linkage with environmental degradation. The results also disclose that positive as well as negative variations in the foreign direct investment expose to degrade the environmental eminence. Long-run results suggest the direct association between downward trend in renewable energy consumption and CO2 emission signifying that the pollution level decreases, and the upward trend in renewable energy consumption, however, demonstrates insignificantly positive effects. The results also disclose that positive as well as negative variations in the FDI lead to degrade the CO2 emission. Moreover, it is found that the expenditures soar the issue of pollution again in the long run. Finally, the consequence of trade on CO2 emission is adverse, as the outcome suggests. In order to improve the environmental policies for sustainable growth, the study provides direction toward a sustainable environment by reducing carbon dioxide emission.Öğe An investigation into the anthropogenic effect of biomass energy utilization and economic sustainability on environmental degradation in E7 economies(Wiley, 2021) Gyamfi, Bright Akwasi; Ozturk, Ilhan; Bein, Murad A.; Bekun, Festus VictorInspired by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), this study focuses on the need for responsible and clean energy consumption, climate change mitigation, and sustainable economic growth. To this end, the study investigates the connection between biomass energy consumption, real GDP, investment in the energy sector, and CO2 emissions in the emerging (E7) countries - China, India, Brazil, Mexico, the Russian Federation, Indonesia and Turkey - for the period 2000-2018. The study uses a battery of techniques, namely Pooled Mean Group-autoregressive distributed lag, ordinary least square, dynamic ordinary least square, Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (PMG-ARDL, OLS, DOLS FMOLS) and causality estimators, to measure the robustness of the conceptualized relationship among the variables of interest. Empirical results show that conventional energy from fossil fuel sources is a driver of CO2 emissions within the E7 economies. On the other hand, biomass energy consumption and investments in the energy sector decrease CO2 emissions. Furthermore, a feedback causality relationship between biomass energy consumption and CO2 emissions is observed. Similarly, a feedback causality relationship is seen between economic growth and biomass energy consumption. Our study's empirical findings reveal that biomass energy consumption mitigated CO2 emissions in the E7 economies that were examined, suggesting the pivotal role for biomass energy consumption in creating an eco-friendly environment and environmental sustainability. This requires investment from the private sector, stakeholders, and government administrators in cleaner energy technologies initiatives like biomass. (c) 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, LtdÖğe Analiza parit??ii puterii de cump?rare din ??rile în tranzi?ie: Probe evidentiate în bresele structurale(Editura ASE Bucuresti, 2010) Acaravci, Ali; Ozturk, Ilhan[No abstract available]Öğe Analysing Association in Environmental Pollution, Tourism and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from the Commonwealth of Independent States(Sage Publications Inc, 2022) Khan, Saqib; Azam, Muhammad; Ozturk, Ilhan; Saleem, Sardar FawadClean and green environment along with sustainable development is the prime objective of every state. We explore empirically the nexus between tourism, environmental pollution measured by carbon (CO2) emissions, population, trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth in six countries from the Commonwealth of Independent States over 1995-2018. Traditional panel estimation technique is employed, where the Hausman test suggests fixed-effects over random effect estimator. We also employed the robust least squares (RLS) estimator to confirm the empirical estimates. Results show that a 1% increase in CO2 will attenuate the economic growth by 0.14% and that 1% raise in the tourism activities can boost growth by 0.04%. Both the fixed-effect and RLS estimates reveal that tourism, population growth and trade contribute significantly to economic growth, whereas CO2 adversely affect growth. The Granger causality test shows a two-way causality between economic growth and CO2 and between growth and trade. Empirical results also indicate a one-way causality between growth and FDI, population and FDI, population and CO2 along with population growth and tourism. These findings suggest that adopting effective policies that can expand trade, enhance FDI and promote the tourism sector with minimum environmental damage will ultimately accelerate sustainable economic development.Öğe Assessing the long- and short-run asymmetrical effects of climate change on rice production: empirical evidence from India(Springer Heidelberg, 2022) Baig, Imran Ali; Chandio, Abbas Ali; Ozturk, Ilhan; Kumar, Pushp; Khan, Zeeshan Anis; Salam, Md AbdusIn recent years, environmental change has arisen as a ubiquitous problem and gained environmentalist's attention across the globe due to its long-term harmful effects on agricultural production, food supply, water supply, and livelihoods of rural households. The present study aims to explore the asymmetrical dynamic relationship between climate change and rice production with other explanatory variables. Based on the time series data of India, covering the period 1991-2018, the current study applied the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model and Granger causality approach. The results of the NARDL reveal that mean temperature negatively affects rice production in the long run while positively affecting it in the short run. Furthermore, positive shocks in rainfall and carbon emission have negative and significant impacts on rice production in the long and short run. In comparison, negative rainfall shocks significantly affect rice production in the long and short run. Wald test confirms the asymmetrical relationship between climate change and rice production. The Granger causality test shows feedback effect among mean temperature, decreasing rainfall, increasing carbon emission, and rice production. While no causal relationship between increasing temperature and decreasing carbon emission. Based on the empirical investigations, some critical policy implications emerged. Toward sustainable rice production in India, there is a need to improve irrigation infrastructure through increasing public investment and to develop climate-resilient seeds varieties to cope with climate change. Along with, at the district level government should provide proper training to farmers regarding the usage of pesticides, the proper amount of fertilizers, and irrigation systems.Öğe Asymmetric impact of renewable and non-renewable energy on the industrial sector in Pakistan: Fresh evidence from Bayesian and nonlinear ARDL(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Abbasi, Kashif Raza; Hussain, Khadim; Radulescu, Magdalena; Ozturk, IlhanFor the last two decades, Pakistan has faced various economic obstacles, the most significant of which is the sluggish pace of industrial expansion caused by the energy crisis. To close this gap, Pakistan's government has made several efforts to save energy and lower the country's power shortage in recent years. To bridge this gap, we concentrate on a few key drivers to demonstrate vibrant recommendations and evidence to policymakers. In this context, the study investigates the asymmetric relationship between renewable energy consumption (REC), non-renewable energy (NRE), terrorism, inflation, and international trade in the industrial sector from 1970 to 2018 in Pakistan. We employed a novel co-integration approach known as a Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model with the Bayesian approach. The results show that the industrial sector is increasing due to positive shocks in REC, whereas negative shock in REC decreases significantly at a 5% level. Additionally, NRE, terrorism, and inflation are positive and have a long-term substantial effect on the industrial sector. The results suggest that the most effective strategy for Pakistan is to combat terrorism and vigorously promote renewable energy, highlighting its advantages to the environment and industrial development while avoiding non-renewable resources. (C) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Asymmetric investigation to track the effect of urbanization, energy utilization, fossil fuel energy and CO2 emission on economic efficiency in China: another outlook(Springer Heidelberg, 2021) Rehman, Abdul; Ma, Hengyun; Chishti, Muhammad Zubair; Ozturk, Ilhan; Irfan, Muhammad; Ahmad, MunirThe accelerated urbanization in China was already coupled with a steadily increasing demand for energy usage. The present study major aim was to determine the asymmetric influence of urbanization, energy utilization, fossil fuel energy and CO2 emission on economic progress in China by using an annual time series data varies from 1975 to 2017. Stationarity amid variables was verified by applying the unit root tests, while non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) bounds testing model was used to examine the asymmetric impacts on variables with short- and long-run dynamics. Outcomes revealed that via short-run estimates, the negative shocks of energy usage cause significantly to increase the economic efficiency, but positive shocks of energy utilization display the adverse linkage with the economic progress. Similarly, the negative shocks of GDP per capita growth demonstrate a substantial upsurge in the economic progress, and the positive shocks establish the adverse influence towards economic growth. Further, the outcomes of short-run dynamics also exposed the negative shocks of urbanization significantly affected the economic growth, but positive shocks exposed the adversative influence on economic growth. The outcomes display that fossil fuel energy consumption showed a constructive impact to economic progress, and additionally, the variable CO2 emission also uncovered a positive shocks having significant impact on economic progress. Furthermore, the outcomes of long-run analysis express that energy utilization has negative and positive shocks that expose the adverse influence on economic progress of China. GDP per capita growth exposed the constructive influence on the economic growth in both shocks. The negative and positive shocks of urbanization demonstrate a noteworthy influence on economic growth. The variable fossil fuel energy consumption also exposed an optimistic influence on economic progress, and finally the influence of CO2 emission on economic growth is insignificant as the results exposed. The reducing carbon alteration target aims to be reached for China, and in the next several decades, it will encourage the green energy options in order to decrease carbon dioxide emission to avoid environmental pollution by raising its energy intensity.Öğe BALANCE OF PAYMENTS CONSTRAINED GROWTH IN TURKEY: EVIDENCE FROM ARDL BOUND TESTING APPROACH(Vilnius Univ, 2009) Acaravci, Ali; Ozturk, IlhanThe aim of this study is to empirically test lite validity of Thirlwall's Law in Turkey during the period of 1980:1-2006:4 using an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds testing approach. The empirical results reveal that import is cointegrated with relative price and income. The estimates of the long run elasticities from this function are used to compute the equilibrium growth rate. The difference between the equilibrium and actual economic growth rates are small. Nevertheless, results from regressions of equilibrium growth rates indicate that the Thirlwall's law does not hold for Turkey.Öğe Can top-pollutant economies shift some burden through insurance sector development for sustainable development?(Elsevier, 2022) Li, Xiaolong; Ozturk, Ilhan; Ullah, Sana; Andlib, Zubaria; Hafeez, MuhammadEconomists have long documented the significance of insurance markets in the development process. This study considers the nonlinear impact of insurance sector development on CO2 emissions for five high-polluting economies over data ranging from 1990 to 2019. The present study employs a panel and time series NARDL framework. We find that insurance sector development has asymmetric effects on CO2 emissions. It is inferred from the findings that a positive shock in insurance sector development increases CO2 and a negative shock in insurance sector development decreases CO2 in the long run in high-polluting economies. Regarding country-wise analysis, we also observe that a positive shock in insurance sector development increases CO2 in the USA, Russia and Japan, but a negative insurance sector development shock decreases CO2 in the USA and India in the long run The results recommend some important policy implications. (C) 2022 Economic Society of Australia, Queensland. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Causal Relationships Among Tourism, International Trade, Pollution, and Economic Growth: Evidence from Central Asian Countries(Univ Pasundan, 2021) Azam, Muhammad; Ahmad, Bilal; Ozturk, IlhanThis study investigates the cointegration and causality among environmental quality (CO2 emissions), international trade, economic growth, and tourism of five Central Asian Republic States (CARS-5), namely Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, and Uzbekistan, for 1992-2018. To this end, we employed the Johansen cointegration approach, modified Wald tests, and the Toda & Yamamoto (1995) approach. The empirical results showed that the variables were cointegrated in the long run, and the Granger causality test results revealed the existence of causality in the series. Furthermore, the empirical results validated both the export-led and the tourism-led growth hypotheses for Tajikistan and Kazakhstan. These findings suggest that the CARS-5 should develop appropriate and prudent public policies to stimulate sustainable economic development.Öğe Considering the asymmetric effect of financial deepening on environmental quality in BRICS economies: Policy options for the green economy(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Li, Xiaolong; Ozturk, Ilhan; Majeed, Muhammad Tariq; Hafeez, Muhammad; Ullah, SanaThis study aims to estimate the nexus between financial deepening and environmental quality in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) economies by using the data over 1990-2019. For analysis, we relied on panel linear and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL). Three different variables i.e. financial deepening index, financial institution deepening, and financial market deepening are used to represent financial deepening in BRICS countries. In the long run, our linear models confirmed the positive role of financial deepening in improving environmental quality. Conversely, the symmetric estimates of financial institution deepening and financial market deepening are positively significant implying that both these measures cause the CO2 emissions to rise, thus hurts the environmental quality in BRICS in long run. In the non-linear models, the positive shock in all the measures of financial deepening increases the CO2 emissions while the negative shock deteriorates the CO2 emissions, in all three models, in the long run. In the short-run, the variables of financial deepening provide mixed results during linear and non-linear analysis. Moreover, CO2 emissions respond asymmetrically to a positive and negative change in financial deepening in the long run only. Although financial deepening in the BRICS economies helps reduce the CO2 emissions, the BRICS are still among the top ten emitters of the world. Therefore, the role of financial deepening should be further enhanced in achieving a sustainable environment.Öğe Decoupling and decomposition analysis of environmental impact from economic growth: a comparative analysis of Pakistan, India, and China(Springer, 2021) Ozturk, Ilhan; Majeed, Muhammad Tariq; Khan, SherThe dispute between economic growth and greenhouse gas emissions is one of the major challenges of the twenty-first century. The central issue of the emerging economies revolves around the decoupling of economic growth and the rising carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. This study examines the decoupling the CO2 emissions from the economic growth through the employment of the Tapio decoupling index and decomposition of CO2 emissions into its pre-determined factors through the Log Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) decomposition technique for Pakistan, India, and China (PIC) for a time span of 1990-2014. The findings of the Tapio elasticity analysis depict that in a few years, environmental impact has been seen to be decoupled from the economic growth in the respective PIC countries. However, relatively Pakistan experienced expensive negative decoupling; India mostly experienced weak decoupling and expensive coupling, while China exhibited weak decoupling in multiple years. In addition, the analysis of Tapio decoupling elasticity showed that energy intensity is the key factor supporting the decoupling in PIC countries, while population, affluence (GDP per capita) and energy structure have weakened the progress of decoupling. Furthermore, the analysis of the LMDI decomposition suggested that population, energy structure and affluence in PIC countries increase the CO2 emissions, while energy intensity reduces CO2 emissions, while mixed effects are reflected by carbon intensity.Öğe Do industrialization, energy importations, and economic progress influence carbon emission in Pakistan(Springer Heidelberg, 2021) Rehman, Abdul; Ma, Hengyun; Ozturk, IlhanThe largest challenge still remains in enhancing the living conditions and economic progress, while growing the environmental footprint is related to energy. The move towards renewable sources means that energy utilization can be increased and environmental impacts reduced. The key purpose of the present analysis was to investigate the CO2 emissions interaction to industrialization, energy imports, carbon intensity, economic progress, and gross capital formation by using time span data ranging from 1971 to 2019. Variable stationarity was confirmed by utilizing the unit root tests, while quantile regression analysis was utilized to check the CO2 emission influence on the independent variables. Outcomes showed that industrialization has constructive influence with CO2 emission having coefficient (0.161636) with probability value (0.0000). Similarly the variable energy imports, carbon intensity, and gross capital formation have positive coefficients (0.206843), (0.895212), and (0.442922) with probability values (0.2171), (0.0004), and (0.0002) correspondingly that exposed the positive interaction with CO2 emission in Pakistan. The variable economic progress exposed an adverse impact to CO2 emission with having coefficient (-0.002841) with probability value (0.8795). In directive to improve the economic progress, the government of Pakistan should take future action to minimize carbon dioxide emission from different sectors that cause the climate change.Öğe Do technological innovations have symmetric or asymmetric effects on environmental quality? Evidence from Pakistan(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2021) Ullah, Sana; Ozturk, Ilhan; Majeed, Muhammad Tariq; Ahmad, WaheedTechnological innovation has played an important role in the socio-economic development of societies but, this development has come with some potential hazards to the environment. To do so, we use annual time series data over the period 1990-2018 to measure the symmetric and asymmetric effects of technology innovation on carbon emissions for Pakistan. In estimates of linear ARDL model, we found patent (trademark) has negative (positive) short-run symmetric effects on carbon emissions that have been changed into the long-run symmetric insignificant effects in Pakistan. However, when we employed a nonlinear ARDL model, we found the positive and negative shock of the patent has insignificant short-run asymmetric effects while the positive shock of the trademark has an insignificant and negative shock of the trademark has negative significant effects on carbon emissions in the short run. Our findings have been changed into the long-run asymmetric effects in Pakistan. Overall, the results show that asymmetric effects exist between technology innovation and carbon emissions in the long run. Therefore, this empirical research is applicable to policymakers in Pakistan as well as developing economies.Öğe Do Tourism Development, Energy Consumption and Transportation Demolish Sustainable Environments? Evidence from Chinese Provinces(MDPI, 2021) Rauf, Abdul; Ozturk, Ilhan; Ahmad, Fayyaz; Shehzad, Khurram; Chandiao, Abbas Ali; Irfan, Muhammad; Abid, SairaChina is performing a dominant role in the world's economic growth, but it has mainly been the commencement of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) that has significantly increased its importance around the world. Recently, the emergence of the tourism industry has been considered as an alternative for sustainable economic and ecological development, which is ironic. Although China is promoting tourism in various regions under The New Normal phase, it needs to proactively address the challenges of dismantling, for the environment. The fundamental objective of the current study is to determine the long-term affiliation between tourism development, economic progress, transportation, energy consumption, value added hotel catering services, and environmental degradation (CO2) for a panel of thirty (30) provinces of China over the period of 1995-2017. Primarily, we applied the CD test for investigating cross dependence; subsequently, conventional and CD based panel unit root tests (CIPS) were carried out to deal with the puzzle of the stationarity of the panel series. The results of the dynamics panel, DOLS, FMOLS, and PMG, indicated that transportation, energy consumption, and value added hotel and catering services have a strong positive association with carbon emission, but tourism development has mixed links with ecological degradation. Additionally, the causative based test revealed the bidirectional association of tourism development, transportation, economic progress, and energy consumption with environmental quality. The retrieved estimates conferred a few guidelines, concerning the presence of BRI projects, for the Chinese administration at the provincial and national level: initiating the renewable based energy projects and possibly wishing to decrease the use of fossil fuel based energy in the industry, transportation, and hotels and catering sectors. Furthermore, the prevalence of green investment in provinces may motivate economic progress and tourism development, without worsening the atmosphere.Öğe Does ICT have symmetric or asymmetric effects on CO2 emissions? Evidence from selected Asian economies(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2021) Usman, Ahmed; Ozturk, Ilhan; Ullah, Sana; Hassan, AliInformation and communication technology (ICT) has played an important role in the socio-economic development of human societies but, this development has come with some potential hazards to the environment. However, the experts are divided over this issue, some consider that ICT has exerted a favorable impact on environmental quality whereas; others think that ICT has posed serious threats to the environment. Hence, this study is another effort in exploring the impacts of ICT on CO2 emissions in 9 selected Asian economies which are the top contributors in polluting the environment in the Asian continent for the period of 1990-2018. All previous studies have one thing in common that the impact of ICT on CO2 emissions is symmetric. Whereas, in this study, we have not only relied on the symmetry assumption but also tested the asymmetric impact of ICT on CO2 emissions. The number of countries in which ICT significantly affects the CO2 releases has not changed much in our linear and non-linear models. However, the short-run impact asymmetry in the effects of increased and decreased use of ICT is approved in almost half of the countries, and in long run, these asymmetric impacts further strengthened and observed in more than half of the countries.Öğe Does inflation instability affect environmental pollution? Fresh evidence from Asian economies(Sage Publications Ltd, 2021) Ahmad, Waheed; Ullah, Sana; Ozturk, Ilhan; Majeed, Muhammad TariqThe present study examines the linkage between inflation instability and pollution emissions for the 40 Asian economies over the period of 1990-2018. However, a limited number of researches investigate the linkage between inflation instability and the environment. For empirical analysis, econometric methods namely cross-sectional test statistics for examining the dependency, cross-sectionally augmented Dickey-Fuller (CADF) and cross-sectional Im, Pesaran, and Shin (CIPS) for the panel unit root, Westerlund technique for the long-run relationship, and Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) to estimate the long-run coefficients have adopted. Additionally, the Dumitrescu and Hurlin panel causality test is applied to investigate the causal nexus among the panel data series. The empirical finding depicts that inflation instability improves environmental performance implying that higher price volatility creates uncertainty that discourages investment projects and consumption, hence improves environmental quality. However, the results indicate that financial development stimulates pollution emissions and degrades environmental condition. Based on these findings, the study opens up innovative intuitions for policymakers to support a robust role of economic stability in attaining targets relevant to pollution reduction.Öğe Does moving towards renewable energy cause water and land inefficiency? An empirical investigation (vol 93, pg 303, 2016)(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2017) Al-mulali, Usama; Solarin, Sakiru Adebola; Sheau-Ting, Low; Ozturk, Ilhan[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Does natural resources depletion and economic growth achieve the carbon neutrality target of the UK? A way forward towards sustainable development(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2021) Abbasi, Kashif Raza; Hussain, Khadim; Radulescu, Magdalena; Ozturk, IlhanEnvironmental sustainability is primarily related to using various natural resources for the economic, energy, and industrial activity. Therefore, it is worthwhile to examine the impact of the natural resource depletion (NRD), energy use (EU), economic growth (EG), population growth (PG) and industrial value added (IVA) on the CO2 emissions during 1970-2019 for the United Kingdom (UK). The study employs a novel environmental sustainability estimation approach employing a dynamic Autoregressive-Distributed-Lag (ARDL) model to analyze the positive and negative shock in short run and in the long run for the selected determinants. Also, Frequency Domain Causality (FDC) has been applied for robustness check. Empirical findings show that EG, IVA and NRD substantially stimulate CO2 emissions in short run, while EU, IVA and PG boost the environmental sustainability in the long run. The FDC outcome also supports the hypothesis of long, medium, and short-run causality. As for policy recommendations, we propose that the UK government should consider these factors by introducing a new long-term environmental strategy to reach the carbon neutrality point.
