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Observations on the Causes and Effects of Lisbon Earthquake
(Beytulhikme Felsefe Cevresi, 2022) Kant, Immanuel; Topuz, Metin; Tuemkaya, Ahmet Selim
The earthquake that took place in Lisbon on November 1, 1755, at-tracted the philosophical interest of many thinkers such as Voltaire, Rousseau and Kant, both in the context of the physical cause of the earthquake and the problem of physical/moral evil (theodicy). Kant, who always keeps the cause of moral and physical evil at the center of his philosophy, presents an examination of the physical causes of the earthquake, which is considered a physical evil in his early writing. He touches superficially on the spiritual influence of evil on humans and its relation to divine grace. But the idea that such discussions should be examined within the limits of reason and experiment, maintains its vitality in this period of Kant. In the second of three articles, Kant this time conveys the information and observations he gathered from many sources. Its purpose is to examine the possible causal connection of physical evil with divine creation in the context of the limits of reason. In the last of his three articles on the Lisbon earthquake, Kant deals with the arguments made after his second article for the possible causes of the earthquake.