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Öğe Are energy conservation policies effective without harming economic growth in the gulf cooperation Council countries?(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2014) Al-Mulali, Usama; Öztürk, İlhanThis study explores the fossil fuels electricity consumption-growth of the gross domestic product (GDP) relationship in the six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries for the period 1980-2012. The aim of this study is to examine whether energy conservation policies are appropriate for these countries to reduce their high levels of electricity consumption. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and the Toda-Yamamoto-Dolado-Lutkepohl (TYDL) methodologies were employed to investigate this relationship. The ARDL results revealed that fossil fuels electricity consumption has a long run positive effect on GDP growth in the GCC countries. However, the TYDL Granger causality revealed different causality relationships among the countries. A bi-directional causality was found between fossil fuels electricity consumption and GDP growth in Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) while one way causality from fossil fuels electricity consumption to GDP growth was found in Oman and Qatar. On the other hand, no causality was concluded between the variables in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. From the results, it is clear that energy conservation is not an ideal policy for the Bahrain, UAE, Oman, and Qatar because it will have a negative consequence on their output. However, this policy can be implemented in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia since it will not harm their output.Öğe Biofuel energy consumption-economic growth relationship: an empirical investigation of Brazil(WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2016) Al-Mulali, Usama; Solarin, Sakiru Adebola; Öztürk, İlhanThis study investigates the influence of biofuel energy consumption on Brazil's economic growth during the period 1980-2012 by employing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach and the vector error correction model (VECM) Granger causality. The results revealed two structural breaks during the early 1980s due to the Latin American debt crisis as well as the early 2000s due to the worries related to the increasing global spreads. Moreover, it was found that economic growth, biofuel energy consumption, capital, urbanization, and globalization are co-integrated. Additionally, it was found that biofuel energy consumption, capital, urbanization, and globalization increase Brazil's economic growth in the short run and in the long run. However, the two structural breaks have a significant negative influence on economic growth. The vector error correction model Granger causality revealed a feedback causal relationship between all the variables (with the exception of capital). However, a unidirectional causality was concluded from capital to economic growth, biofuel energy consumption, urbanization, and globalization. From the results of this study, a number of policy implications were provided.Öğe İnvestigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in seven regions: The role of renewable energy(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2016) Al-Mulali, Usama; Öztürk, İlhan; Solarin, Sakiru AdebolaThe aim of this research is to investigate how renewable energy consumption effects pollution and whether the relationship between income and pollution formulates the inverted U-shaped relationship which signals the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). To realize the aims of this study, non-stationary panel data techniques were utilized to examine the seven selected regions. According to Pedroni and Fisher type cointegration tests, the variables were cointegrated. Moreover, the dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) and the vector error correction model Granger causality revealed that renewable energy consumption has a significant negative effect on pollution in Central and Eastern Europe, Western Europe, East Asia and the Pacific, South Asia, and the Americas. However, the tests revealed that renewable energy consumption has no significant effect on pollution in the Middle East and North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, the results in general indicated that the existence of the EKC hypothesis is determined by the significance of the renewable energy consumption. Therefore, the EKC hypothesis was only found in the regions where their renewable energy has a significant correlation with pollution in both the short run and the long run. Furthermore, a number of policy recommendations were provided for the investigated regions.Öğe Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Vietnam(ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2015) Al-Mulali, Usama; Saboori, Behnaz; Öztürk, İlhanThis study investigates the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in Vietnam during the period 1981-2011. To realize the goals of this study, a pollution model was established applying the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) methodology. The results revealed that the pollution haven hypothesis does exist in Vietnam because capital increases pollution. In addition, imports also increase pollution which indicates that most of Vietnam's imported products are energy intensive and highly polluted. However, exports have no effect on pollution which indicates that the level of exports is not significant enough to affect pollution. Moreover, fossil fuel energy consumption increases pollution while renewable energy consumption has no significant effect in reducing pollution. Furthermore, labor force reduces pollution since most of Vietnam's labor force is in the agricultural and services sectors which are less energy intensive than the industrial sector. Based on the obtained results, the EKC hypothesis does not exist because the relationship between GDP and pollution is positive in both the short and long run.Öğe Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: the role of tourism and ecological footprint(SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, 2016) Öztürk, İlhan; Al-Mulali, Usama; Saboori, BehnazThe main objective of this study is to examine the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis by utilizing the ecological footprint as an environment indicator and GDP from tourism as the economic indicator. To achieve this goal, an environmental degradation model is established during the period of 1988-2008 for 144 countries. The results from the time series generalized method of moments (GMM) and the system panel GMM revealed that the number of countries that have a negative relationship between the ecological footprint and its determinants (GDP growth from tourism, energy consumption, trade openness, and urbanization) is more existent in the upper middle- and high-income countries. Moreover, the EKC hypothesis is more present in the upper middle- and high-income countries than the other income countries. From the outcome of this research, a number of policy recommendations were provided for the investigated countries.Öğe Investigating the pollution haven hypothesis in Ghana: An empirical investigation(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2017) Solarin, Sakiru Adebola; Al-Mulali, Usama; Musah, Ibrahim; Öztürk, İlhanThe aim of this research is to investigate the pollution haven hypothesis (PHH) in Ghana utilizing CO2 emission as an indicator of air pollution for the period of 1980-2012. Moreover, we utilized gross domestic product (GDP), GDP square, energy consumption, renewable energy consumption, fossil fuel energy consumption, foreign direct investment, institutional quality, urbanization and trade openness as its main determinants. To achieve the goals of this research, different time series models were established utilizing the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method. In addition to the fact that structural breaks are introduced into the estimation process, we contribute to the existing literature by focussing on a country that typifies the current scenario of increasing emission and foreign direct investment in the developing countries. The outcome of this research revealed cointegration which indicates the existence of long run relationship between the variables. Moreover, GDP, foreign direct investment, urban population, financial development and international trade have positive impact on CO2 emission, while institutional quality decreases emissions in Ghana. This indicates that PHH does exist in Ghana. A number of policy recommendations were provided for Ghana according to the results obtained.Öğe Investigating the presence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in Kenya: an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach(SPRINGER, 2016) Al-Mulali, Usama; Solarin, Sakiru Adebola; Öztürk, İlhanThis study investigates the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in Kenya using the time period of 1980-2012. To achieve the objective of this study, the ARDL approach was utilized. To prevent any estimation errors and unreliability in the model, the Narayan and Narayan (Energy Policy 38:661-666, 2010) approach was used to control the multicollinearity problems in the regression. The outcome of this research revealed that fossil fuel energy consumption, GDP, urbanization, and trade openness increase air pollution mutually in the long run and short run. However, renewable energy consumption mitigates air pollution in the long run and the short run. Moreover, financial development also reduces air pollution, but only in the long run. Based on the results, the EKC hypothesis does exist in Kenya. From the findings of this research, few policy recommendations were provided to help Kenya for reducing its air pollution levels.Öğe Investigating the trans-boundary of air pollution between the BRICS and its neighboring countries: An empirical analysis(Springer Verlag, 2019) Öztürk, İlhan; Al-Mulali, UsamaThis study investigates whether air pollution from the BRICS countries influences air pollution of their neighboring countries for the period of 1990–2013. To realize the aim of this study, five panel models were established by utilizing CO2 emissions of each of the BRICS neighboring countries as the dependent variable and gross domestic product (GDP), electricity consumption, trade openness, urbanization, and CO2 emissions of the BRICS countries as the independent variables. Based on the Kao cointegration test results, the variables in each of the five models were cointegrated and indicating the existence of a long-run relationship. Moreover, the panel fully modified ordinary least square also revealed that electricity consumption, GDP growth, trade openness, urbanization, and CO2 emissions of the BRICS countries increase CO2 emissions of their neighboring countries in the long run. In addition, the VECM Granger causality results show the existence of a number of causal relationships between CO2 emissions of the BRICS countries and their neighboring countries’ CO2 emissions, electricity consumption, GDP growth, trade openness, and urbanization. Based on the results obtained, a number of policy recommendations are provided for the investigated countries.Öğe Investigating the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Cambodia(ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2015) Öztürk, İlhan; Al-Mulali, UsamaThis study investigates whether better governess and corruption control help to form the inverted U-shaped relationship between income and pollution in Cambodia for the period of 1996-2012. The outcome from the Generalized Method of Moments and the Two-stage Least Squares revealed that GDP, urbanization, energy consumption, and trade openness increase CO2 emission while the control of corruption and governess can reduce CO2 emission. It is fundamental to note that the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis was not confirmed in Cambodia. Based on the retrieved results, we recommend for urban planners to utilize policies that will allow them to improve urban planning by controlling sewage, industrial waste, and solid waste which are some of the major causes for the environmental deterioration in Cambodia's major cities. It is also crucial to implement pollution and trade-related actions and strategies to increase the environmental protection from trade. Additionally, it is important for Cambodia to increase the corruption control as this step will strengthen the environmental regulations which will reduce pollution. Finally, a better governess is also important to improve the quality of the environment.Öğe Natural gas consumption and economic growth nexus: Panel data analysis for GCC countries(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2015) Öztürk, İlhan; Al-Mulali, UsamaThis study investigates the relationship between natural gas energy consumption and economic growth by including trade openness, total labor force and gross fixed capital formation as a major determinants of GDP growth within the multivariate framework model in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. A panel GDP model is constructed taking the period of 1980-2012. The result revealed that natural gas energy consumption is cointegrated with GDP growth in the investigated countries. In addition, based on the panel dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) and the fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS), this study concluded that the natural gas energy consumption affects the GCC's countries GDP growth positively in the long run. Furthermore, the results from the Granger causality test revealed bidirectional causality between natural gas energy consumption and GDP growth which confirms the feedback hypothesis. From the outcome of this research, a number of policy implications were provided for the GCC countries.Öğe The control of corruption and energy efficiency relationship: an empirical note(SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, 2019) Öztürk, İlhan; Al-Mulali, Usama; Solarin, Sakiru AdebolaThis study aims at exploring the impact of corruption control on energy efficiency in 60 countries categorized by income: lower middle (LMI), upper middle (UMI), and high (HI). Panel methodology was utilized taking the period of 2000-2017. As cross-sectional dependence is confirmed among the tested equations, the Pesaran (J Appl Econ 22(2):265-312, 2007) unit root test and the augmented mean group estimator proposed by Eberhardt and Teal (2010) were utilized to overcome this matter. The results in general indicate that the lower the corruption is, the more the energy efficiency for all income group economies. Moreover, renewable energy reduces energy efficiency in lower-middle income and high-income economies while its effect is positive in middle-income economies. In addition, the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) found to be present in all income group economies. Lastly, causality relationships among energy efficiency, corruption, and GDP were present mostly in upper-middle income and high-income economies. From the results, it was recommended that the countries from all income groups should increase their corruption control for the purpose of enhancing energy efficiency.Öğe The effect of energy consumption, urbanization, trade openness, industrial output, and the political stability on the environmental degradation in the MENA (Middle East and North African) region(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2015) Al-Mulali, Usama; Öztürk, İlhanThe main goal of this study is to examine the events that caused the environmental degradation in the MENA (Middle East and North African) region. To achieve the goal of this study, a panel model that represents the environmental degradation utilizing ecological footprint as a better indicator is constructed taken the period 1996-2012 investigating 14 MENA countries. The results from the Pedroni cointegration test revealed that ecological footprint, energy consumption, urbanization, trade openness, industrial development and political stability are cointegrated. Moreover, the results of FMOLS (fully modified ordinary least square) concluded that energy consumption, urbanization, trade openness and industrial development increases environmental damage while the political stability lessens it in the long run. In addition, the Granger causality revealed that the used variables have short run and long run causal relationship with the ecological footprint. Moreover, different directions of causal relationship were found between the variables. According to the outcomes of this study, a number of policy recommendations were provided for the MENA countries that can help them to reduce their environmental degradation.Öğe The global move toward Internet shopping and its influence on pollution: an empirical analysis(Sprınger Heıdelberg, 2015) Al-Mulali, Usama; Sheau-Ting, Low; Öztürk, İlhanThis study investigates the influence of Internet retailing on carbon dioxide (CO2) emission in 77 countries categorized into developed and developing countries during the period of 2000-2013. To realize the aims of the study, a model that represents pollution is established utilizing the panel two-stage least square (TSLS) and the generalized method of moments (GMM). The results for both regressions similarly indicated that GDP growth, electricity consumption, urbanization, and trade openness are the main factors that increase CO2 emission in the investigated countries. Although the results show that Internet retailing reduces CO2 emission in general, a disaggregation occurs between developed and developing countries whereby Internet retailing has a significant negative effect on CO2 emission in the developed countries while it has no significant impact on CO2 emission in the developing countries. From the outcome of this study, a number of policy implications are provided for the investigated countries.Öğe The influence of economic growth, urbanization, trade openness, financial development, and renewable energy on pollution in Europe(SPRINGER, 2015) Al-Mulali, Usama; Öztürk, İlhan; Lean, Hooi HooiThis study investigates the influence of disaggregated renewable electricity production by source on CO2 emission in 23 selected European countries for the period of 1990-2013. Panel data techniques were used in examining the relationships. The Pedroni cointegration results indicated that CO2 emission, GDP growth, urbanization, financial development, and renewable electricity production by source were cointegrated. Moreover, the fully modified ordinary least-square results revealed that GDP growth, urbanization, and financial development increase CO2 emission in the long run, while trade openness reduces it. Furthermore, renewable electricity generated from combustible renewables and waste, hydroelectricity, and nuclear power have a negative long-run effect on CO2 emission, while renewable electricity generated from solar power and wind power is insignificant. The VECM Granger causality also revealed that GDP growth is the only variable that has causal effects on CO2 emission in all the investigated models, while the rest of the variables have causal effects on CO2 emission in only a few models. A number of policy recommendations were provided for the European countries.Öğe The investigation of environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in the advanced economies: The role of energy prices(Pergamon-elsevıer scıence ltd, 2016) Al-Mulali, Usama; Öztürk, İlhanThe aim of this research is to examine the effect of energy prices on pollution and investigate the existence of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in 27 advanced economies. The panel non-stationary techniques were used to examine the selected economies taking the period of 1990-2012. The panel Kao and Fisher cointegration results showed that CO2 emission (CO2), gross domestic product (GDP), renewable energy consumption (RE), non-renewable energy consumption (NR), trade openness (TD), urbanization (UR), and energy prices (PC) are cointegrated. Moreover, the panel fully modified ordinary least square and the vector error correction Granger causality results revealed that GDP, NR, and UR increase CO2 emission while RE, TD, and PC reduce it. Furthermore, the inverted U-shaped relationship between GDP and CO2 emission was confirmed which signifies the presence of the EKC hypothesis. From the obtained results, multiple policy implications were provided for the investigated countries to help them control and reduce air pollution without harming their economic growth and development.Öğe The nexus of electricity consumption and economic growth in gulf cooperation council economies: evidence from non-stationary panel data methods(TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2019) Al-Mulali, Usama; Tang, Chor Foon; Tan, Bee Wah; Öztürk, İlhanThis paper investigates the electricity-growth nexus of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member countries from 1980 to 2014. To achieve the goal of this research, both panel cointegration and causality approaches are utilised to examine the long-term and causal relationships between variables. Empirical results confirm the presence of cointegration between variables. Moreover, this study finds that electricity consumption affects the long-term economic growth. Given that GCC member countries are energy-dependent economies, policies that aim to conserve energy consumption may jeopardise economic growth.Öğe Validating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in India and China: The role of hydroelectricity consumption(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2017) Solarin, Sakiru Adebola; Al-Mulali, Usama; Öztürk, İlhanThe aim of this research is to examine the link between CO2 emissions, hydroelectricity consumption, urbanisation and real GDP in China and India during the period of 1965-2013. The long-run cointegration is investigated by the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach, which is augmented with structural breaks. We employ the ARDL cointegration test to establish long run relationship in the variables. Furthermore, we use the ARDL to show that real GDP and urbanisation have long-run positive impact on emission, while hydroelectricity consumption exerts long-run negative impact on emission in both countries. The results support the existence of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in China and India. Besides, the paper assesses the causal link between the variables by using Granger causality procedures and the results show that there is long-run bidirectional relationship between the variables in both countries.
